• Computer Science > Networking and Internet Architecture [Submitted on 26 Jan 2026 (v1), last revised 18 Feb 2026 (this version, v2)] Title:Integrating HAPS, LEO, and Terrestrial Networks: A Cost-Performance Study for IoT Connectivity View PDF HTML (experimental)Abstract:This work evaluates the potential of High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites as alternative or complementary systems to enhance Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity. • We first analyze the transmission erasure probability under different connectivity configurations, including only HAPS or LEO satellites, as well as hybrid architectures that integrate both aerial/spatial and terrestrial infrastructures. • To make the analysis more realistic, we considered movement of LEO satellites regarding a fixed region, elevation angle between gateway and devices, and different fading models for terrestrial and non-terrestrial communication. • We also analyze LR-FHSS (Long-Range Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) random access uplink technology as a potential use case for IoT connectivity, showing the scalability impact of the scenarios. • The simulation results demonstrate that HAPS can effectively complement sparse terrestrial networks and improve the performance of satellite-based systems in specific scenarios. • Furthermore, considering the deployment and operational costs, respectively, CAPEX and OPEX, the economic analysis reveals that although HAPS exhibits higher costs, these remain within
Article Summaries:
- A recent study examines how High‑Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) and Low‑Earth‑Orbit (LEO) satellites can augment or replace terrestrial networks for Internet‑of‑Things (IoT) connectivity. The authors model transmission erasure probabilities across configurations-HAPS only, LEO only, and hybrid aerial‑terrestrial systems-incorporating satellite motion, elevation angles, and realistic fading. They also evaluate LR‑FHSS random‑access uplinks to assess scalability. Simulations indicate HAPS can effectively fill gaps in sparse ground networks and boost satellite performance in specific scenarios. Cost analysis shows HAPS CAPEX and OPEX remain within the same order of magnitude as LEO and terrestrial deployments, making them competitive, especially for disaster‑response use cases.
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